[update] sejarah angka 0

[demokrat]

nih gan, ane lagi nyari nyari kenapa ada angka 0



terus dapet jawabannya ari forum tetangga gini




[/quote]

Dunia Barat boleh mengklaim bahwa mereka adalah kawasan sumber ilmu pengetahuan. Namun sejatinya, yang menjadi Gudang Ilmu Pengetahuan adalah kawasan Timur Tengah. Mesopotamia, peradaban tertua dunia ada di kawasan ini juga.



Masyarakat dunia sangat mengenal Leonardo Fibonacci sebagai ahli matematika aljabar. Namun, dibalik kedigdayaan Leonardo Fibonacci sebagai ahli matematika aljabar ternyata hasil pemikirannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh ilmuwan Muslim bernama Muhammad bin Musa Al Khawarizmi. Dia adalah seorang tokoh yang dilahirkan di Khiva (Iraq) pada tahun 780. Jika kaum terpelajar lebih mengenal para ahli matematika Eropa, maka kaum biasa juga mengenal ilmuwan Muslim yang menjadi rujukan para ahli matematika tersebut.



Selain ahli dalam matematika al-Khawarizmi, yang kemudian menetap di Qutrubulli (sebalah barat Bagdad), juga seorang ahli geografi, sejarah dan juga musik. Karya-karyanya dalam bidang matematika dimaktub dalam Kitabul Jama wat Tafriq dan Hisab al-Jabar wal Muqabla. Inilah yang menjadi rujukan para ilmuwan Eropa termasuk Leonardo Fibonacce serta Jacob Florence.



Muhammad bin Musa Al Khawarizmi inilah yang menemukan angka 0 (nol) yang hingga kini dipergunakan. Apa jadinya coba jika angka 0 (nol) tidak ditemukan coba? Selain itu, dia juga berjasa dalam ilmu ukur sudut melalui fungsi sinus dan tanget, persamaan linear dan kuadrat serta kalkulasi integrasi (kalkulus integral). Tabel ukur sudutnya (Tabel Sinus dan Tangent) adalah yang menjadi rujukan tabel ukur sudut saat ini.



al-Khawarizmi juga seorang ahli ilmu bumi. Karyanya Kitab Surat Al Ard menggambarkan secara detail bagian-bagian bumi. CA Nallino, penterjemah karya al-Khawarizmi ke dalam bahasa Latin, menegaskan bahwa tak ada seorang Eropa pun yang dapat menghasilkan karya seperti al-Khawarizmi ini.




[/spoiler][spoiler=open this] for gambarnya:
















tapi ada juga yang bilang kalo angka 0 itu ditemukan di mesir



update:

sejarah menurut wik*pedia

tapi tolong artiin sendiri yah

[quote]





Early history



By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system. The lack of a positional value (or zero) was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals. By 300 BCE, a punctuation symbol (two slanted wedges) was co-opted as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system. In a tablet unearthed at Kish (dating from about 700 BCE), the scribe B�l-b�n-aplu wrote his zeros with three hooks, rather than two slanted wedges.[6]



The Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone. Nor was it used at the end of a number. Thus numbers like 2 and 120 (2�60), 3 and 180 (3�60), 4 and 240 (4�60), looked the same because the larger numbers lacked a final sexagesimal placeholder. Only context could differentiate them.



Records show that the ancient Greeks seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, "How can nothing be something?", leading to philosophical and, by the Medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum. The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.



The concept of zero as a number and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India where by the 9th century CE practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number, even in case of division. The Indian scholar Pingala (circa 5th-2nd century BCE) used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), making it similar to Morse code.He and his contemporary Indian scholars used the Sanskrit word śūnya to refer to zero or void.



History of zero



The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar developed in south-central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a place-holder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Many different glyphs, including this partial quatrefoil�MAYA-g-num-0-inc-v1.svg�were used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the earliest of which (on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas) has a date of 36 BCE.Since the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland, it is assumed that the use of zero in the Americas predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs. Many of the earliest Long Count dates were found within the Olmec heartland, although the Olmec civilization ended by the 4th century BCE, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates.



Although zero became an integral part of Maya numerals, it did not influence Old World numeral systems.



The use of a blank on a counting board to represent 0 dated back in India to 4th century BCE.



In China, counting rods were used for calculation since the 4th century BCE. Chinese mathematicians understood negative numbers and zero, though they had no symbol for the latter, until the work of Song Dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao in 1247 established a symbol for zero in China. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, which was mainly composed in the 1st century CE, stated "[when subtracting] subtract same signed numbers, add differently signed numbers, subtract a positive number from zero to make a negative number, and subtract a negative number from zero to make a positive number."



By 130 CE, Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero (a small circle with a long overbar) within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using alphabetic Greek numerals. Because it was used alone, not just as a placeholder, this Hellenistic zero was perhaps the first documented use of a number zero in the Old World. However, the positions were usually limited to the fractional part of a number (called minutes, seconds, thirds, fourths, etc.)�they were not used for the integral part of a number. In later Byzantine manuscripts of Ptolemy's Syntaxis Mathematica (also known as the Almagest), the Hellenistic zero had morphed into the Greek letter omicron (otherwise meaning 70).



Another zero was used in tables alongside Roman numerals by 525 (first known use by Dionysius Exiguus), but as a word, nulla meaning "nothing," not as a symbol. When division produced zero as a remainder, nihil, also meaning "nothing," was used. These medieval zeros were used by all future medieval computists (calculators of Easter). An isolated use of the initial, N, was used in a table of Roman numerals by Bede or a colleague about 725, a zero symbol.



In 498 CE, Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata stated that "Sthanam sthanam dasa gunam" or place to place in ten times in value, which may be the origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation.



The oldest known text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the Jain text from India entitled the Lokavibh�ga, dated 458 CE. This text uses Sanskrit numeral words for the digits, with words such as the Sanskrit word for void for zero. The first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at Gwalior in India, dated 876 CE. There are many documents on copper plates, with the same small o in them, dated back as far as the sixth century CE, but their authenticity may be doubted.



The Arabic numerals and the positional number system were introduced to the Islamic civilization by Al-Khwarizmi.[citation needed] Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic synthesized Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own fundamental contribution to mathematics and science including an explanation of the use of zero.



It was only centuries later, in the 12th century, that the Arabic numeral system was introduced to the Western world through Latin translations of his Arithmetic.





ya pokonya gataulah cuma sekedar share

kok gan



kalo boleh dikasih lumayan sambil nunggu ujan

tapi jangan dilempar ya gan